Index

The leadership development model influencing drug prevention management and performance of schools under the local administrative organization

Vivat Phuttanu1; Parisha Marie Cain2*; Kathanyoo Kaewhanam3 ; Phimlikid Kaewhanam4 

1Kalasin University Thailand.
2,3,4Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Kalasin University, Kalasin 46000, Thailand.

Abstract

This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative research methodologies to investigate the dynamics of leadership, management, and performance in the context of drug prevention within schools under local administrative organizations. The research pursues three main objectives: (1) to examine the key elements of leadership, management, and performance related to drug prevention in these educational institutions, (2) to analyze the direct, indirect, and combined influences of leadership on the management and performance of drug prevention efforts, and (3) to formulate policy recommendations for influential leadership development models tailored to enhance the management and performance of drug prevention initiatives. Quantitative data were collected from 400 personnel within educational institutes under the Sisaket Local Administrative Organization, utilizing stratified random sampling and a questionnaire with a high-reliability score of 0.978. Concurrently, qualitative insights were from 12 purposively selected educational institutes in the same administrative context through the focused group. The analytical toolkit included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, structural equation analysis, and content analysis. Key findings indicate the appropriateness of utilizing trait-based, behavior-based, and situational leadership alongside Principles of management to construct a comprehensive structural equation model. The performance emerges as primarily influenced by Principles of management, all statistically significant at 0.01 level. In terms of policy suggestions, the focus centers on fostering a knowledgeable and collaborative team, developing leadership skills through cooperation, and creating an organizational culture that supports learning and development. This integrated leadership development approach is the picture to significantly impact the effective management and prevention of drug abuse in schools under local administrative organizations.

Keywords: Development of leadership, Drug prevention, Leadership, Local administrative organization, Schools, Sisaket province.

Contribution of this paper to the literature
This study has the benefit of developing leadership that influences the management and efficiency of drug prevention of schools under local administrative organizations. along with presenting policies to relevant agencies to plan operations, inspect and solve related problems. that can be applied efficiently and effectively in the future.

1. Introduction

1.1. Introduce the Problem

Today, every country in the world is aware of the drug problem as a threat that is destroying including national security, social, economic, and public health because drug addicts have to take drugs every day and must increase the amount all the time. It can be seen from a period of more than 10 years ago (2009-2019) that there were approximately 269 million people around the world, or 1 in 4 of the world's population of a billion people. 'Drug use' has increased by 30 percent and more than 35.6 million people (United Nations, 2020). According to the World Drug Report 2021 of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) found that drug users around the world has an increasing trend. In 2019, around the world there were approximately 275 million drug users, accounting for 5.5 percent of the world's population between the ages of 15-64 years. In 2018, around the world there were approximately 269 million people, accounting for 5.4 percent of the world's population aged 15-64 years, are addicted to drugs. It is estimated that in the year 2030 there will be approximately 299 million drug users    (Office of the Narcotics Control Board Ministry of Yukitham, 2022). The reason that the number of people using drugs has increased is partly due to 'World population growth' is increasing, with 'urbanization' and the flow of people into cities becoming one of the factors that expand the drug market in urban areas more than rural areas in both developing and developed countries, coupled with the rapid changes in the drug market. This causes drugs to quickly spread to different parts of each region in the world, including Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methamphetamine, as well as the use of marijuana for purposes other than medical, etc (Center for Research and Support of Sustainable Development Goals, 2020).

Drugs have spread. It spreads rapidly in every region of the world. Especially in Thailand, where it was found that amphetamine is still the main drug that is most prevalent. Drugs that require more monitoring include heroin and ketamine. Due to the increasing spread of the epidemic continuously in the past 2 years, especially among youth  (Wichai Chaiyamongkol, 2019) because Thailand is close to drug production areas in the Golden Triangle area. Drugs are therefore a national problem and a threat to the quality of life, causing impacts on both the addicts, their families, society, the economy, and the nation, which is becoming increasingly complex because there are networks and trading groups ready to distribute drugs entering into the youth risk group. Especially youth in educational institutions are one of the targets of the drug epidemic. In addition, the group of children and youth is an age group that is curious and wants to try. Therefore, they are easily influenced to use drugs. Which from statistics found that Children and youth first started using drugs when they were less than 10 years old, and school-aged youths aged 12-18 years, both within and outside the educational system, are the group that have problems starting to use drugs for the first time. The highest compared to other age groups, 43.1 percent Department of Health (2022), which increases every year, causing wide-ranging impacts on both the economy and society both directly and indirectly, causing problems to the family, problems with the school, and problems for the community.

Sisaket is a province located in the northeastern region of Thailand. It has a total population of 1,472,859 people, of which 734,405 are male and 738,454 female (information as of December 2020 according to the Royal Gazette announcement). Government is divided into 2 types: regional government and local government. Sisaket Province is administratively divided into 22 districts, 204 sub-districts, and 2,633 villages. Sisaket Province is divided into 1 Provincial Administrative Organization, 2 City Municipalities, 35 Subdistrict Municipalities, 179 Subdistrict Administrative Organizations (information as of December 2020). There are also educational institutions starting at the early childhood level. (Pre-Kindergarten and Kindergarten) to tertiary level, totaling 1,554 schools, which are 55 schools under local administrative organizations, including administrative organizations as for Sisaket Province (39 schools), Sisaket Municipality (7 schools), Mueang Kantharalak Municipality (1 school), 3 subdistrict municipalities and 5 subdistrict administrative organizations (Sisaket Provincial Administrative Organization, 2022), there are 326,313 students and number of 15,010 teachers. Sisaket Provincial Administrative Organization (2022) and Sisaket is also one of the top 5 provinces with the highest number of drug cases: (1) Songkhla 10,659 cases (2) Nakhon Si Thammarat 9,462 cases (3) Surat Thani 8,163 cases (4) Khon Kaen 5,465 cases and (5) Sisaket 4,811 cases (National Statistical Office, 2022) and there is a trend of increasing because there are drugs coming in from the Khemarat District side, Ubon Ratchathani Province, and Chanuman District side with amphetamine being the most commonly used drug. But there is a tendency for more users to switch to using ice. Because it is likely that most drugs will have a reduced price. As for those receiving rehabilitation therapy in 2019, there were 400 cases, in 2020 there were 110 cases, with the highest age range receiving treatment being 25-29 years, followed by ages 20-24 years, ages 15-19 years, respectively (Committee of the Narcotics Prevention and Suppression Center Sisaket Province, 2022). Educational institutions in Sisaket Province have implemented various projects or activities that the Ministry of Education has been assigned by the government to carry out preventing the spread of drugs in educational institutions consists of 2 main activities: (1) Activities to accelerate, supervise, and follow up through activities to promote the prevention and resolution of drug problems. According to the policy guidelines of the Office of the Basic Education Commission through various project activities such as Scout activities against drug threats, Life skills camp activities, Activities of the Teen Friend Center, TO BE NUMBER ONE, School Coordination Police Project (1 police 1 school) and the Home after School Project, etc. by organizing main activities and alternative activities for students to participate creatively through various project activities continuously and (2) activities for summarizing and reporting results through the provincial drug information system  (Narcotics Information System for Province Agency ) of the National Narcotics Prevention and Suppression Center (NSC) (Office of the Narcotics Control Board) (Committee of the Narcotics Prevention and Suppression Center Sisaket Province, 2022). An important factor that can lead various projects or activities to the success of educational institutions are educational institution administrators. This must determine the policy management strategy for maximum efficiency, that is, what must be done to enable educational personnel and persons involved in performing work or organizing activities to achieve their goals or be successful (Wasitphon, 2021).

Therefore, the researcher is interested in studying leadership development model that influences management and performance in drug prevention of schools under local administrative organizations. The need to study that leadership development model which influences management and performance in drug prevention of schools under local administrative organizations in order to use the information obtained from the research to recommend policy proposals to relevant agencies, to plan operations, inspect, and solve problems related to the prevention and solution of drug problems in educational institutions. Moreover, to use them as a model for creating a management model for drug prevention with other educational institutions, can be applied with efficiency and effectiveness in the future.

2. Literature Review

Study of leadership development models that influence management and performance of drug prevention aspect in schools under the local government organization this time. From reviewing related literature, the researcher was able to apply to study various elements in the model as follows. Apply the concepts of Yukl (2006) to the study of Trait Approach Leadership in 3 areas, consisting of Personality Trait, Abilities, and Social Skills. Applying the concepts of Blake, Mouton, Louis, and Larry (1964) to study the elements Behavior Approach Leadership in 5 areas, consisting of Task-Oriented/Authority Compliance, Country Club Management, Impoverished, Middle of The Road Management, and Team Management. Apply the concepts of Hersey and Blanchard (1969) in studying the elements Situational Approach Leadership in 4 areas, consisting of Telling, Selling, Participating and Delegating. Apply the concept of Fayol (1916) to study Principles of Management) in 5 areas, consisting of Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordination, and Controlling. In addition, apply to use the announcements of the Ministry of Education (2015). In the study of performance in drug prevention in 3 areas, consisting of results in Student, Teacher, and Parental. Moreover, apply from research by many people such as Sunan Rungarunsaengthong (2018); Kusuman (2020); Siriphong (2021); Krit, Kanyanat, Kulrat, Suthirat, and Walailak (2022); Setiawan, Firdaus, and Putra (2019); Gottfredson and Reina (2020); Munir and Akhter (2021)and Sancoko and Sugiarti (2022) etc.

2.1. Research Objectives

1. To study the components of leadership, management, and results of drug prevention operations of schools under local administrative organizations.
2. To analyze the components and study their direct influences, indirect influences, and the overall influence of leadership on the management and performance of drug prevention in affiliated schools under local administrative organization.
3. To create policy recommendations regarding leadership development models that influence the management and performance of drug prevention in schools under local administrative organizations.

2.2. Research Hypothesis

Leadership style has a relationship with and influences the management and performance of drug prevention of schools under the local administrative organization.

2.3. Benefits Received from the Research

2.3.1. Academic Benefits

Academics, researchers or administrators as well as those interested may use the results from this research as a basis for applying and studying the components of leadership development models, management, as well as the results of drug prevention operations of other educational institutions to be more extensive and comprehensive.

Knowledge gained from this research study is used to disseminate to interested educational institutions to gain knowledge and understanding about leadership development models that influence driving management effectiveness and drug prevention performance of schools under local administrative organizations as well.    

2.3.2. Benefits in Using Research Results

Use information from this research to develop and improve leadership, management and the results of drug prevention operations of educational institutions to be more efficient and effective.

Relevant agencies can use the research results to formulate policies at both the micro and macro levels to ensure the management and performance of drug prevention in educational institutions be more efficient and effective in practice.

3. Method

Educational institutions under the Sisaket Provincial Administrative Organization, 55 places (Sisaket Provincial Administrative Organization, 2022).

3.1. Sample Group

3.1.1. Quantitative Research

Quantitative research sample is 55 educational institutions under the Sisaket Provincial Administrative Organization (2022), but the sample size used in data analysis was determined with the LISREL program by using the Structural Equation Modeling technique (SEM). The size of the appropriate number of samples in a work that uses factor analysis. Path analysis and structural equation models, which Anderson (2021) stated: The sample should contain 20 times the number of variables observable in the model (Supamas, Somthawin, & Ratchaneekul, 2011). This research has 20 observable variables in the model. The researcher then determined the size of the group. The sample is 20times the observed variable. Therefore, an appropriate and sufficient sample size should be 400 (20x20) samples, which is an appropriate sample size that can be analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) statistical technique, which is the selection of samples that use Probability Sampling by Proportion Stratified Random Sampling.

3.1.2. Qualitative Research

The qualitative research sample of 12 people was obtained using purposive sampling, consisting of 1 school under the Sisaket Provincial Administrative Organization, 1 municipality, and 1 school under subdistrict administrative organization, totaling 3 places. Each location will consist of 1 educational institution administrator, 1deputy, 1 learning subject group leader, and 1educational institution committee member.

3.2. Data Collection

Quantitative research used a questionnaire with a confidence value of 0.978 from March to July 2023. Four hundred questionnaires were returned, representing a response rate of 100 percent. They can be used for data analysis.

Qualitative research by organizing a focus group, preparing questions on various issues in which group members can give their opinions, feelings, needs, expectations, and various reasons in the broadest, most profound and detailed manner.

3.3. Analyze Data

Quantitative research used the Linear Structure Relationship Model (LISREL) Model package for path analysis to study the overall influence, direct influence, and indirect influence, and examine structural relationships.

Qualitative research used systematic text analysis by interpreting the meaning and summarizing the results from the group discussion.

4. Results

The results of the data analysis appear as the following figure.

Figure 1. Influence of leadership components, management, and results of drug prevention operations of schools under local administrative organizations.

From Figure 1, the summary can be explained as follows.

Results of confirmatory factor analysis of 3 external latent variables, consisting of trait leadership (TRL), behavioral leadership (BEL), and situational leadership (SIL), which has a total of 12 observable variables, was found to be consistent with the empirical data. The harmony index passed the acceptance criteria, which is the Chi-Square index = 22.51, df = 29, p = 0.79859, RMSEA = 0.000, GFI = 0.99, AGFI = 0.97. When considering the sub-elements, it was found that every element has a different value from zero with statistical significance at the 0.01 level. When considering the correlation coefficients between all 66 pairs of observed variables, it was found that the majority of all pairs of correlation coefficients were not more than 0.80, indicating that most of the observed variables had a level of the relationship that is not very high. It does not cause Multicollinearity and all observed variables are on a common component. And when considering Bartlett's test of sphericity, it was found that there was Chi-Square = 5075.736, df = 66, p = 0.000, indicating that the correlation coefficient matrix is not an identity matrix at the level of statistical significance 0.01. Besides, the variables are related enough to be able to be used to analyze components which is consistent with the analysis results Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) values approaching 1 (0.954) indicating that the observed variables are related and appropriate for use in further checking the consistency of the research model with empirical data. Because the KMO index has a value of 0.80 and above, it means that the data is very suitable for factor analysis.

Confirmatory factor analysis results of 2 internal latent variables consisting of management (MAN) and operating results (DRP), which has a total of 8 observable variables, was found to be consistent with the empirical data. The harmony index passed the acceptance criteria, which is the Chi-Square index = 0.99, df = 8, p = 0.99832, RMSEA = 0.000, GFI = 1.00, AGFI = 1.00.When considering the sub-elements, it was found that every element has a different value from zero with statistical significance at the 0.01 level. When considering the correlation coefficient between all 28 pairs of observed variables, it was found that most of every pair had a correlation value not exceeding 0.80, showing that the level of relationship was not very high. It does not cause pluralism problems (Multicollinearity) and all observed variables are on a common component. Besides, when considering Bartlett's test of sphericity, it was found that Chi-Square = 3397.008, df = 28, p = 0.000, indicating that the correlation coefficient matrix is not an identity matrix at the 0.01 level of statistical significance and the variables has enough relationship to be able to lead to analyze components which is consistent with the analysis results of Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) values approaching 1 (0.946) indicating that the observed variables are related. It is appropriate to use in further checking the consistency of the research model with empirical data because the KMO index has a value of 0.80 or higher, indicating that the data is very suitable for factor analysis.

Results of component analysis and study of direct influences, indirect influence, and the total influence of leadership on the management, and performance of drug prevention of schools under the local administration organization, it was found that the performance (DRP) received the highest total influence from management (MAN ) with an influence value of 0.593, which is all direct influence, followed by situational leadership (SIL) with an influence value of 0.40, which is a direct influence, 0.18. It is an indirect influence through management, 0.22, behavioral leadership (BEL) with an influence value equal to 0.34 which is a direct influence, 0.11. It is an indirect influence through management, 0.23, Trait Leadership (TRL) with an influence value equal to 0.23, is a direct influence value, 0.13. It is an indirect influence through management was 0.10, respectively. Moreover, management (MAN) received the highest total influence from behavioral leadership (BEL) with an influence value of 0.43, followed by situational leadership (SIL) with an influence value of 0.41 and Trait-oriented leadership (TRL) with an influence value of 0.19, which is all direct influence and is a statistically significant influence at the .01 level.

When considering the results of the analysis of the components of the model to see if they were consistent with the empirical data or not, it was found that the first analysis found that the harmony index was not consistent with the empirical data or does not meet the specified criteria. The researcher therefore proceeded with model modification by adjusting the parameters by allowing the initial agreement to be relaxed so that the error values could be related. Analysis results, the overall model harmony index value after the researcher adjusted the model found that the model was in harmony with the empirical data with the harmony index value passing the acceptance criteria, namely Chi-Square = 27.49, df = 52, Chi-Square/df (27.49/52) = 0.528, CFI = 1.00, GFI = 0.99, AGFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.000 and SRMR = 0.0064. Therefore, it can be concluded that Structural equation modeling is appropriate and harmonize with empirical data.

Results of creating policy recommendations concerning leadership development models that influence management and performance of drugs in schools under local administrative organizations from the focus group discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Policy recommendations for school drug prevention management can be summarized in 7 points as follows: (1) create awareness and understanding (2) create clear policies and operational plans (3) create learning that filled with happiness, (4) supporting the development of personality and personal skills, (5) preparation and response, (6) building cooperation with family and community, and (7) measurement and evaluation.

Policy recommendations for the results of drug prevention operations in schools can be summarized in 5 points as follows: (1) preventive operations to reduce drug use (2) create learning filled with happiness (3) supporting personal development skills, (4) building partnerships with families and communities, and (5) measurement and evaluation.

4.1. Discuss the Results

The researcher has issues in discussing the results according to the research objectives as follows.

1. Discuss the study results of the leadership components, management, and results of operations in drug prevention of schools under local administrative organizations.

Results from confirmatory factor analysis 3 external latent variables consisting of Trait Approach Leadership, Behavioral Approach Leadership, and Situational Approach Leadership, which has a total of 12 observable variables. When considering the two internal latent variables consist of Principles of Management and Performance which has a total of 8 observable variables, was found to be consistent, harmonize with empirical data. It has harmony index values that pass all acceptance criteria, namely Chi-Square = 52.89, df = 63, Chi-Square/df = 50.839, p-value = 0.81430, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 1.00, GFI = 0.99, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.000 และ Standardized Root Mean Squared Residual (SRMR) = 0.011 showing that a model for measuring the components of the leadership development model that influences management effectiveness and drug prevention performance of schools under local administrative organizations is consistent with empirical data. When considering the subcomponents, it was found that every component had a value significantly different from zero at the 0.01 level. When considering the correlation coefficients between all 190 pairs of observed variables, it was found that the correlation coefficients between every pair of observed variables were values between 0.238 and 0.846, most of which are not more than 0.80, indicating that the relationship between most of the observed variables is not too high. It does not cause multicollinearity and all observed variables are on a common component. Besides, when considering Bartlett's test of sphericity Chi-Square, it was found to be equal to 6516.101, df = 190, p = 0.000, indicating that the correlation coefficient matrix. It is not an identity matrix at the statistical significance level of 0.01. The variables are sufficiently related and can be used to analyze components which is consistent with the analysis results of Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) values approaching 1 (0.973) indicating that the observed variables are related and are suitable for use in consistency checks and continue to harmonize the research model with empirical data. Because the KMO index has a value of 0.80 and above, it means that the data is appropriate and can be used to perform a very good factor analysis (Supamas et al., 2011). Such results show that it can answer the research objectives and research hypotheses that were set. It is also consistent with the research of many people, such as the research of Setiawan et al. (2019), the research of Gottfredson and Reina (2020), the research of Munir and Akhter (2021) the research of  Suwat (2020). The research of Siriphong (2021) and the research of Krit et al. (2022) that concluded that subcomponents of leadership style is appropriate and can be analyzed to find relevant statistics further.

2. Discuss the results of component analysis and study of direct influences, indirect influence, and combined influence of leadership development style on management effectiveness and results of drug prevention operations of schools under local administrative organizations.

Results from the analysis of the influence of variables that are components of the development model. Leadership influences the management and performance of school drug prevention under the jurisdiction of local administration organizations, the following was found:

Performance components (DRP) received the highest total influence from management (MAN) with an influence value of 0.53, which is all direct influence, followed by situational leadership (SIL) with an influence value of 0.40. It is a direct influence value of 0.18, an indirect influence through management is equal to 0.22, behavioral leadership (BEL) has an influence value of 0.34, a direct influence of 0.11, and an indirect influence through management of 0.23, trait leadership (TRL) with an influence value of 0.23, being a direct influence, 0.13, being an indirect influence through Management 0.10, respectively. Additionally, performance (DRP) is positively indirectly influenced by trait leadership (TRL), behavioral leadership (BEL), and situational leadership (SIL) through management (MAN) with an influence size of 0.10, 0.23, and 0.22, respectively. While the management component (MAN) received the highest total influence from behavioral leadership (BEL), with an influence value of 0.43, followed by namely situational leadership (SIL) with an influence value of 0.41 and trait leadership (TRL) with an influence value of 0.19, which are all direct influences and is a statistically significant influence at the 0.01 level.

Results from the analysis of the influence of variables in the said model. It can be explained that leaders are one of the most important factors for organizational success. This is because leaders have direct duties and responsibilities to plan, direct, supervise, and control the personnel of the organization to perform various tasks to be successful according to the goals and objectives that have been set (Ploychompoo, Maneenuch, & Thnastha, 2022). While leadership is the behavior of people with knowledge, ability, intelligence, and goodness that can bring all people to coordinate or work together and lead together to success or the goals that were set and appointed. The leadership style is therefore a guideline that gives direction in implementing plans and motivating people. In order to work as a leader, you can choose to apply to people with different characteristics. For the effectiveness of each leadership style, there is no fixed format. But it usually depends on choosing and applying it appropriately in each organization's situation at that time. Therefore, leadership style is important to create and develop an efficient and effective organization because leaders help create a good and supportive organizational culture and can influence and increase enthusiasm to encourage personnel in the organization to behave in their work and lead the organization to success effectively (Kadiyono et al., 2020) and have effective operating results.

Leaders with these qualities can build trust in their teams and create successful and sustainable success at both the individual and organizational levels. This is consistent with Sari (2018) who found that leadership style influences autonomy and willingness to work. It can be seen from the findings from this research that found leadership style influences management and performance, and also found that performance (DRP) is most influenced by situational leadership (SIL) with an influence value of 0.40, followed by behavioral leadership (BEL) with an influence value of 0.34 and trait leadership (TRL) with an influence value of 0.23, respectively. While management (MAN) received the highest total influence from behavioral leadership (BEL) with an influence value of 0.43, followed by situational leadership (SIL) with an influence value of 0.41 and trait leadership (TRL) with an influence value of 0.19, respectively.

This result shows that the research objectives and research hypotheses can be answered. It is also consistent with the research of many people, such as the research of Gottfredson and Reina (2020), the research of Vilkinas, Murray, and Chua (2020), the research of Cornelissen and Smith (2022), the research of Parinyamit, Chaiya, Wattana, and Surat (2017), the research of Kusuman (2020), the research of Siriphong (2021) and the research of Supawat, Natjaree, and Chusak (2021) that concluded leadership styles are related to and influence management and organizational performance.

3.  Discuss the results of creating policy recommendations regarding leadership development models that influence the management and performance of drug prevention in schools under local administrative organizations.

From focus group discussions to create policy recommendations for leadership development models that influence driving management effectiveness and drug prevention performance of schools under the local administrative organization on Wednesday, August 16, 2023 at the conference room, Pho Si Suwan Hospital, Siaw Subdistrict, Pho Si Suwan District, Sisaket Province from 9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. In conclusion, the leadership development model influences management effectiveness and drug prevention performance of schools under local administrative organizations, Sisaket Province. It is a complicated process and is related to a variety of factors. But following these policy recommendations can help build strong and capable leaders. Leading schools to successful, long-term drug prevention can be summarized as 7 points, consisting of (1) having integrated leadership (2) developing leaders' skills (3) building teams and cooperation (4) Creating organizational culture (5) Promoting continuous learning (6) Having support from the organization (7) Measurement and evaluation. From the policy suggestions for the aforementioned leadership development model obtained from the above group discussion, it can be seen that these suggestions all aim to create an environment that facilitates and supports the development of the abilities and skills of leaders. Emphasis is placed on learning and adapting to ever-changing situations so that leaders can lead teams and organizations towards drug prevention with maximum efficiency and effectiveness in challenging conditions. Because of the effective and efficient leadership development model. There is no one unique style or some form of specific characteristic style. But you should choose and adapt the format existing leadership that is appropriate to the resources and context of each school (Pimonphan, 2018). In this regard, drug prevention in local administrative organization areas and educational institutions under the Sisaket Local Administrative Organization can be successful, requiring cooperation from many sectors, including the police, administration, Narcotics Prevention and Suppression Office, agencies under the Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, and Ministry of Labor. There must be a process for immunization, search, treatment, and surveillance and management to provide care and assistance to students in an educational institution that is a comprehensive system. Which in each aspect of operations there may be a different focus depending on age, class period, student context, and of that educational institution (Rungsri, 2016) because leadership is only the behavior of educational institution administrators using the ability to influence or motivating educational institution personnel to coordinate and work together, collaborate together to move towards a set goal or achievement. Leadership style is therefore a guide that sets the direction or guidelines for implementing the plan in operations to create motivation for the work of personnel. Therefore, each leadership style is effective and efficient. Consequently, it depends on the choice of leadership style of educational institution administrators and applying it to suit the situation and context of that educational institution efficiently and effectively.

5. Conclusions

1. From the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, external latent variables had 12 sub-components, 3 Trait Approach Leadership, 5 Behavioral Approach Leadership, and 4 Situational Approach Leadership. It was found to have a relationship and influence on the latent variables inside. There were 8 sub-components, consisting of 5 principles of management and operating results (Performance) 3 numbers were consistent and harmonize with empirical data with harmony index values that pass all acceptance criteria, namely Chi-Square = 52.89, df = 63, Chi-Square/df = 50.839, p-value = 0.81430, CFI = 1.00, GFI = 0.99, AGFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.000 and SRMR = 0.011. This shows that a model for measuring the components of an influential leadership development model on the effectiveness of management and performance in drug prevention of schools under local administrative organizations is consistent and harmonize with empirical data.

2.    From the results of component analysis and study of direct influences, indirect influences, and total influence, of leadership development models that affect management effectiveness and results of drug prevention operations of schools under local administrative organizations, it was found that external latent variables had 12 sub-components, 3 Trait Approach Leadership, 5 Behavioral Approach Leadership, and 4 Situational Approach Leadership, which are related to and influence the internal latent variables. There were 8 sub-components, consisting of 5 principles of management and operating results (Performance) 3 items, when considering the details, it was found that the components of performance (DRP) received the highest total influence from management (MAN) with an influence value of 0.53, which was all direct influence, followed by situational leadership (SIL) with an influence value of 0.40, with a direct influence value of 0.18, an indirect influence through management with a value of 0.22. Behavioral Leadership (BEL) had an influence value of 0.34, with a direct influence of 0.11 and was an indirect influence through management at 0.23. Trait Leadership (TRL) with an influence value of 0.23 was a direct influence 0.13, had an indirect influence through Management 0.10, respectively. Moreover, performance (DRP) was also positively indirectly influenced by Trait leadership (TRL), behavioral leadership (BEL), and situational leadership (SIL) through management (MAN) with an influence size of 0.10, 0.23, and 0.22, respectively. While the management component (MAN) received total influence the highest was behavioral leadership (BEL) with an influence value of 0.43, followed by situational leadership (SIL) with an influence value of 0.41 and trait leadership (TRL) with an influence value of 0.19, which was all direct influence and was a statistically significant influence at the 0.01 level.       

3. From focus group discussions to create policy recommendations regarding the format leadership development that influences management and performance in drug prevention of schools under local administrative organizations. It can be concluded that the leadership development model that influences management effectiveness and results of drug prevention operations for schools under local administrative organizations, Sisaket Province is a complicated process and is related to a variety of factors. But following these policy recommendations can help build strong and capable leaders leading schools to successful, long-term drug prevention can be summarized as 7 points, consisting of (1) having integrated leadership (2) developing leaders' skills (3) building teams and cooperation (4) creating organizational culture, (5) promoting continuous learning, (6) having support from the organization, and (7) measuring and evaluating results.

5.1. Suggestions for Applying Research Results

5.1.1. Operational Suggestions

Trait approach leadership, behavioral approach leadership, situational approach leadership, principles of management, and performance was at a moderate and high level, both in the overall aspect and in each item. But there are still things that need to be considered for improvement, correction, and development to be even better in many matters. Therefore, community enterprise operators should have operational policies in each area to lead to the achievement of the goals that have been set with efficiency and effectiveness. It will surely be able to create an impact on the organization's performance at a higher level as well.

5.1.2. Management Suggestions

The results from the structural equation model analysis from the hypothesis model analysis found that characteristic leadership, behavioral leadership, situational leadership had a direct relationship and influence positively for management and operating results. If educational institution administrators, relevant agencies or those interested in implementing or managing such factors in accordance with the operating model in 7 issues, consisting of (1) having integrated leadership (2)developing leaders' skills (3) Building teams and cooperation (4) Creating organizational culture (5) Promoting continuous learning (6) Having support from the organization (7) Measurement and evaluation in order to lead to achieving the goals that have been set with efficiency and effectiveness. It will surely be able to create an impact on the organization's performance at a higher level as well.

5.1.3. Suggestions Regarding Next Research

Data should be collected with samples from educational institutions or schools under other affiliations, both at the regional level and at the national level further.

The leadership development model that influences the effectiveness of management and performance in drug prevention of schools under local government organizations may be tested with other educational institutions in order to test whether it will be effective or the result is the same.

Next research may consider additional variables such as modern management, corporate culture, strategy management, group of networking, physical environment, and job motivation, etc.

The next research may use the Delphi technique because it is a research technique that is widely accepted and popular whether it is business, politics, economics, and education.

References

Anderson, B. S. (2021). Entrepreneurial orientation and strategic leadership: A behavioral approach. In (pp. 50-53): Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87300-4 .

Blake, R. R., Mouton, J. S., Louis, B. B., & Larry, E. G. (1964). Breakthrough in organization development graduate school of business administration. New York: Harvard University.

Center for Research and Support of Sustainable Development Goals. (2020). Database. Faculty of Economics Thammasat University. Retrieved from https://www.sdgmove.com/

Committee of the Narcotics Prevention and Suppression Center Sisaket Province. (2022). Summary of the results of the meeting of the coordinating committee to solve drug problems in the COVID-19 situation. Retrieved from https://www.secondarysskyst.go.th/?p=11058

Cornelissen, R. P., & Smith, J. (2022). Leadership approaches of principals heading national strategy learner attainment schools in South Africa. Management, 10(1), 56-83. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijelm.7966

Department of Health. (2022). Ministry of public health basic knowledge about Thai local government organizations. Retrieved from https://main.samatcha.org/node/79

Fayol, H. (1916). General and industrial management. London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Son.

Gottfredson, R. K., & Reina, C. S. (2020). Exploring why leaders do what they do: An integrative review of the situation-trait approach and situation-encoding schemas. The Leadership Quarterly, 31(1), 101373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101373

Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1969). Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources. Academy of Management Journal, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.1969.19201155

Kadiyono, A. L., Sulistiobudi, R. A., Haris, I., Wahab, M. K. A., Ramdani, I., Purwanto, A., & Sumartiningsih, S. (2020). Develop leadership style model for indonesian teachers performance in education 4.0 era. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(9), 363-373.

Krit, K., Kanyanat, W., Kulrat, S., Suthirat, S., & Walailak, R. (2022). Transformational leadership factors that affect the performance of Employees of Khao Rup chang  municipality. Mueang District, Songkhla Province. Research report Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Thaksin University.

Kusuman, S. (2020). Model for developing teachers' academic leadership using school as a base under the local government organization in Kalasin province. Research and Development Institute Journal Maha Sarakham Rajabhat University, 7(1), 209-224.

Ministry of Education. (2015). Preventing and solving drug problems in government educational institutions. National peacekeeping council. Retrieved from http://www.thaigov.go.th/

Munir, H., & Akhter, M. (2021). A study on association between the perceptions of principals and teachers regarding college principals’ leadership style in perspective of situational leadership theory. Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 8(1), 147-155.

National Statistical Office. (2022). Statistics on drug cases in Thailand. Retrieved from http://ittdashboard.nso.go.th/preview.php?id_project=66

Office of the Narcotics Control Board Ministry of Yukitham. (2022). Action plan aspects of drug prevention and suppression. Bangkok: M.P.T.

Parinyamit, L., Chaiya, P., Wattana, S., & Surat, D. (2017). Format developing effective leadership of administrators of international standard schools in the Northeast. Journal of Educational Administration Khon Kaen University, 13(1), 35-48.

Pimonphan, P. (2018). Leadership components that affect the effectiveness of educational institution administration under the jurisdiction of the Buriram primary educational service area office. Peace Studies Review Journal, MCU, 6(1), 45-60.

Ploychompoo, T.-A., Maneenuch, J.-I., & Thnastha, R. (2022). Leadership development: From theory to good practice guidelines in organizations. Journal of Roi Kaensarn Academi, 1(12), 304-319.

Rungsri, P. (2016). Using drug suppression policy in educational institutions of ministry of education to practice: Case study, Panjawittaya technological college. Independent study, Master of Political Science. Pathumthani: Thammasat University.

Sancoko, C. H., & Sugiarti, R. (2022). Teacher performance and the factors that influence it. Jurnal Pendidikan Rokania, 7(1), 1-14.

Sari, P. O. (2018). Pengaruh transformational leadership style, affective commitment, continuity commitment and normative commitment towards change readiness study at bank BRI Yogyakarta regional office. EXERO : Journal of Research in Business and Economics, 1(1), 68–89. https://doi.org/10.24071/exero.2018.010104

Setiawan, T. H., Firdaus, A., & Putra, A. D. (2019). The study of situational leadership style on an indonesian construction company. Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 31(1), 11-22.

Siriphong, K. (2021). Model for academic leadership development in the digital era for administrators basic educational institutions. Doctor of Education Thesis Field of Study: Educational Administration Naresuan University.

Sisaket Provincial Administrative Organization. (2022). Schools under the jurisdiction. Retrieved from http://www.sisaketpao.com/2021/index.php?d=school

Sunan Rungarunsaengthong. (2018). Management of basic educational institutions for efficiency. Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy Field of Study: Educational Administration Graduate School Silpakorn University.

Supamas, A., Somthawin, V., & Ratchaneekul, P. (2011). Statistical analysis for research in social sciences and behavioral sciences: Techniques for using the LISREL program (3rd ed.). Bangkok: Charoendee Mankong Publishing.

Supawat, Y., Natjaree, C., & Chusak, E. (2021). Visionary leadership development model for heads of learning subjects in educational institutions in the educational service area office Surat Thani secondary school, chumphon in Surat Thani province. Ratchaphak Journal, 15(42), 220-235.

Suwat, C. (2020). The relationship between transformational leadership and administrative effectiveness in educational institutions under the office of the basic education commission university academic. Journal Eastern Management and Technology, 17(2), 28-40.

United Nations. (2020). World drug report. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/easternafrica/en/speeches/speech---world-drug-report-2020-regional-launch.html

Vilkinas, T., Murray, D. W., & Chua, S. M. Y. (2020). Effective leadership: Considering the confluence of  the leader’s motivations, behaviours and their reflective ability. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(1), 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-12-2018-0435

Wasitphon, R. (2021). The role of administrators and the performance of teachers in educational institutions under the jurisdiction of secondary educational service area office, area 8. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Rajapruek University, 7(1), 226-240.

Wichai Chaiyamongkol. (2019). Opening and closing ceremony of the training program for narcotics control board officers in the lower Northeastern region. Retrieved from https://www.oncb.go.th/oncb_or3/_layouts/15/FSBTSP2013/NewsDisplay.aspx?NewsID=246&NewsList=board1&NewsListDisplayName=board1&Newssite=http://www.oncb.go.th/oncb_or3&ColumnName=title&Comment=yes

Yukl, A. G. (2006). Leadership in organization. UK: Prentice - Hall International.

Asian Online Journal Publishing Group is not responsible or answerable for any loss, damage or liability, etc. caused in relation to/arising out of the use of the content. Any queries should be directed to the corresponding author of the article.